Publications

J. Bui, E. Lucas, E. Lees, A. Liu, H. Atwater, C. Xiang, A. Bell, A. Weber*, Analysis of Bipolar Membranes for Electrochemical CO2 Capture from Air and Oceanwater, Energy & Environmental Science, (2023)
B. Bulfin, M. Carmo, R. Krol, J. Mougin, K. Ayers, K. Gross, O. Marina, G. Roberts, E. Stechel, C. Xiang*, Advanced Water Splitting Technologies Development: Best Practices and Protocols, Frontiers in Energy Research, (2023)
A. Fenwick, A. Welch, X. Li, I. Sullivan, J. DuChene, C. Xiang, H. Atwater*, Probing the Catalytically Active Region in a Nanoporous Gold Gas Diffusion Electrode for Highly Selective Carbon Dioxide Reduction, ACS Energy Lett., (2022)
Y. Liu, E. Lucas, I. Sullivan, X. Li, C. Xiang, Challenges and Opportunities in Continuous Flow Processes for Electrochemically Mediated Carbon Capture, iScience (2022)
D. Xu, I. Sullivan, C. Xiang*, M. Lin* Comparative Study on Electrochemical and Thermochemical Pathways for Carbonaceous Fuel Generation Using Sunlight and Air, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. (2022)
X. Shen, R. Yanagi, D. Solanki, H. Su, Z. Li, C. Xiang, S. Hu, Comprehensive Evaluation for Protective Coatings: Optical, Electrical, Photoelectrochemical, and Spectroscopic Characterizations, Frontiers in Energy Research (2022)
E. Lucas, L. Han, I. Sullivan, H. Atwater, C. Xiang*, Measurement of ion transport properties in ion exchange membranes for photoelectrochemical water splitting, Frontiers in Energy Research (2022)
Ian Sullivan, Andrey Goryachev , Ibadillah A. Digdaya1 , Xueqian Li , Harry A. Atwater , David A. Vermaas and Chengxiang Xiang *, Coupling Electrochemical CO₂ Conversion with CO₂ Capture, Nature Catalysis (2021)
Wen-Hui Cheng, Alberto de la Calle, Harry A. Atwater, Ellen B. Stechel, C. Xiang*, Hydrogen from Sunlight and Water: A Sideby-Side Comparison between Photoelectrochemical and Solar Thermochemical Water-Splitting. ACS Energy Lett. (2021)
Alex J. Welch, Aidan Q. Fenwick, Annette Bohme, Hsiang-Yun Chen, Ian Sullivan, Xueqian Li, Joseph S. DuChene, Chengxiang Xiang, Harry A. Atwater*, Operando Local pH Measurement within Gas Diffusion Electrodes Performing Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction. J. Phys. Chem. C. (2021)
I. Sullivan, H. Zhang, C. Zhu, M. Wood, A. J. Nelson, S. E. Baker, C. M. Spadaccini, T. Van Buuren, M. Lin, E. B. Duoss, S. Liang, C. Xiang*, 3D Printed Nickel–Molybdenum-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution at Low Overpotentials in a Flow-Through Configuration. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. (2021)
A. J. Welch, I. A. Digdaya, R. Kent, P. Ghougassian, H. A. Atwater, C. Xiang*, Comparative Technoeconomic Analysis of Renewable Generation of Methane Using Sunlight, Water, and Carbon Dioxide. ACS Energy Lett. (2021)
R. Sharifian, R. M. Wagterveld, I. A. Digdaya, C. Xiang, D. A. Vermaas, Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Capture to Close the Carbon Cycle. Energy Environ. Sci., 14, 78 (2021)
M. Lin, A. Digdaya, C. Xiang*, Modeling the Electrochemical Behavior and Interfacial Junction Profiles of Bipolar Membranes at Solar Flux Relevant Operating Current Densities. Sustainable Energy&Fuels. (2021)
I. A. Digdaya, I. Sullivan, M. Lin, L. Han, W. H. Cheng, H. A. Atwater, C. Xiang*, A Direct Coupled Electrochemical System for Capture and Conversion of CO₂ from Oceanwater. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–10 (2020).
S. H. Lee, I. Sullivan, D. M. Larson, G. Liu, F. M. Toma, C. Xiang*, W. S. Drisdell*, Correlating Oxidation State and Surface Area to Activity from Operando Studies of Copper CO Electroreduction Catalysts in a Gas-Fed Device. ACS Catal. 10, 8000–8011 (2020).
J.C. Bui, I. A. Digdaya, C. Xiang, Alexis T. Bell, and Adam Z. Weber*, Understanding Multi-Ion Transport Mechanisms in Bipolar Membranes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12, 52509−52526 (2020)
Y. Chen, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang*, Modeling the Performance of A Flow-Through Gas Diffusion Electrode for Electrochemical Reduction of CO or CO₂. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 114503 (2020).
W. H. Chen, M. H. Richter, I. Sullivan, D. M. Larson, C. Xiang, B. S. Brunschwig, H. A. Atwater, A. CO₂ Reduction to CO with 19% Efficiency in a Solar-Driven Gas Diffusion Electrode Flow Cell under Outdoor Solar Illumination. ACS Energy Lett. (2020)
M. T. Spitler, M. A. Modestino, T. G. Deutsch, C. X. Xiang, J. R. Durrant, D. V. Esposito, S. Haussener, S. Maldonado, I. D. Sharp, B. A. Parkinson, D. S. Ginley, F. A. Houle, T. Hannappel, N. R. Neale, D. G. Nocera, P. C. McIntyre, Practical challenges in the development of photoelectrochemical solar fuels production. Sustain. Energy Fuels. 4, 985–995 (2020).
Sullivan, L. Han, S. H. Lee, M. Lin, D. M. Larson, W. S. Drisdell, C. Xiang*, A Hybrid Catalyst-Bonded Membrane Device for Electrochemical Carbon Monoxide Reduction at Different Relative Humidities. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 16964–16970 (2019).
M. Lin, L. Han, M. R. Singh, C. Xiang*, An Experimental- And Simulation-Based Evaluation of the CO₂ Utilization Efficiency of Aqueous-Based Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction Reactors with Ion-Selective Membranes. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2, 5843–5850 (2019).
Ho, X. Zhou, L. Han, I. Sullivan, C. Karp, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang*, Decoupling H₂ (g) and O₂ (g) production in water splitting by a solar-driven V ^3+/2+ (aq, H ₂SO₄ )|KOH(aq) cell. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 968–976 (2019).
D. Higgins, C. Hahn, C. Xiang, T. F. Jaramillo, A. Z. Weber, Gas-Diffusion Electrodes for Carbon Dioxide Reduction: A New Paradigm. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 317–324 (2019).
X. Zhou, C. Xiang*, Comparative Analysis of Solar-to-Fuel Conversion Efficiency: A Direct, One-Step Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reactor versus a Two-Step, Cascade Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction Reactor. ACS Energy Lett. 3, 1892–1897 (2018).
H. Hashiba, L. C. Weng, Y. Chen, H. K. Sato, S. Yotsuhashi, C. Xiang*, A. Z. Weber*, Effects of electrolyte buffer capacity on surface reactant species and the reaction rate of CO₂ in Electrochemical CO₂ reduction. J. Phys. Chem. C. 122, 3719–3726 (2018).
L. Han, W. Zhou, C. Xiang*, High-Rate Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Monoxide to Ethylene Using Cu-Nanoparticle-Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes. ACS Energy Lett. 3, 855–860 (2018).
M. R. Singh, C. Xiang*, N. S. Lewis*, Evaluation of flow schemes for near-neutral pH electrolytes in solar-fuel generators. Sustain. Energy Fuels. 1, 458–466 (2017).
J. Jiang, Z. Huang, C. Xiang, R. Poddar, H. J. Lewerenz, K. M. Papadantonakis, N. S. Lewis, B. S. Brunschwig*, Nanoelectrical and Nanoelectrochemical Imaging of Pt/p-Si and Pt/p⁺-Si Electrodes. ChemSusChem. 10, 4657–4663 (2017).
K. Sun, R. Liu, Y. Chen, E. Verlage, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang*, A Stabilized, Intrinsically Safe, 10% Efficient, Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Cell Incorporating Earth-Abundant Electrocatalysts with Steady-State pH Gradients and Product Separation Enabled by a Bipolar Membrane. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1–7 (2016).
Y. Chen, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang*, Modeling and Simulation of the Spatial and Light-Intensity Dependence of Product Distributions in an Integrated Photoelectrochemical CO₂ Reduction System. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 273–280 (2016).
Xiang*, A. Z. Weber*, S. Ardo, A. Berger, Y. K. Chen, R. Coridan, K. T. Fountaine, S. Haussener, S. Hu, R. Liu, N. S. Lewis, M. A. Modestino, M. M. Shaner, M. R. Singh, J. C. Stevens, K. Sun, K. Walczak, Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation of Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices. Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed. 55, 12974–12988 (2016).
Xiang*, K. M. Papadantonakis, N. S. Lewis*, Principles and implementations of electrolysis systems for water splitting. Mater. Horizons. 3, 169–173 (2016).
R. Wang, K. Pan, D. Han, J. Jiang, C. Xiang, Z. Huang, L. Zhang, X. Xiang, Solar-Driven H₂O₂ Generation From H₂O and O₂ Using Earth-Abundant Mixed-Metal Oxide@Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts. ChemSusChem. 9, 2470–2479 (2016).
X. Zhou, R. Liu, K. Sun, Y. Chen, E. Verlage, S. A. Francis, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang*, Solar-Driven Reduction of 1 atm of CO2 to Formate at 10% Energy-Conversion Efficiency by Use of a TiO₂-Protected III-V Tandem Photoanode in Conjunction with a Bipolar Membrane and a Pd/C Cathode. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 764–770 (2016).
Verlage, S. Hu, R. Liu, R. J. R. Jones, K. Sun, C. Xiang*, N. S. Lewis*, H. A. Atwater*, A monolithically integrated, intrinsically safe, 10% efficient, solar-driven water-splitting system based on active, stable earth-abundant electrocatalysts in conjunction with tandem III-V light absorbers protected by amorphous TiO₂ films. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 3166–3172 (2015).
Y. Chen, K. Sun, H. Audesirk, C. Xiang*, N. S. Lewis*, A quantitative analysis of the efficiency of solar-driven water-splitting device designs based on tandem photoabsorbers patterned with islands of metallic electrocatalysts. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 1736–1747 (2015).
Y. Chen, S. Hu, C. Xiang*, N. S. Lewis*, A sensitivity analysis to assess the relative importance of improvements in electrocatalysts, light absorbers, and system geometry on the efficiency of solar-fuels generators. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 876–886 (2015).
M. R. Singh, K. Papadantonakis, C. Xiang*, N. S. Lewis*, An electrochemical engineering assessment of the operational conditions and constraints for solar-driven water-splitting systems at near-neutral pH. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 2760–2767 (2015).
K. Walczak, Y. Chen, C. Karp, J. W. Beeman, M. Shaner, J. Spurgeon, I. D. Sharp, X. Amashukeli, W. West, J. Jin, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang*, Modeling, simulation, and fabrication of a fully integrated, acid stable, scalable solar-driven water-splitting system. ChemSusChem. 8, 544–551 (2015).
Y. Chen, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang*, Operational constraints and strategies for systems to effect the sustainable, solar-driven reduction of atmospheric CO2. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 3663–3674 (2015).
J. Jin, K. Walczak, M. R. Singh, C. Karp, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang*, An experimental and modeling/simulation-based evaluation of the efficiency and operational performance characteristics of an integrated, membrane-free, neutral pH solar-driven water-splitting system. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 3371–3380 (2014).
J. A. Haber, Y. Cai, S. Jung, C. Xiang, S. Mitrovic, J. Jin, A. T. Bell, J. M. Gregoire, Discovering Ce-rich oxygen evolution catalysts, from high throughput screening to water electrolysis. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 682–688 (2014).
C. Xiang, S. K. Suram, J. A. Haber, D. W. Guevarra, E. Soedarmadji, J. Jin, J. M. Gregoire, High-throughput bubble screening method for combinatorial discovery of electrocatalysts for water splitting. ACS Comb. Sci. 16, 47–52 (2014).
J. A. Haber, C. Xiang, D. Guevarra, S. Jung, J. Jin, J. M. Gregoire, High-Throughput Mapping of the Electrochemical Properties of (Ni-Fe-Co-Ce)O_x Oxygen-Evolution Catalysts. ChemElectroChem. 1, 524–528 (2014).
C. Xiang, J. Haber, M. Marcin, S. Mitrovic, J. Jin, J. M. Gregoire, Mapping quantum yield for (Fe-Zn-Sn-Ti)O_x photoabsorbers using a high throughput photoelectrochemical screening system. ACS Comb. Sci. 16, 120–127 (2014).
Y. Chen, C. Xiang, S. Hu, N. S. Lewis, Modeling the Performance of an Integrated Photoelectrolysis System with 10 × Solar Concentrators. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161, F1101–F1110 (2014).
S. Hu, C. Xiang, S. Haussener, A. D. Berger, N. S. Lewis, An analysis of the optimal band gaps of light absorbers in integrated tandem photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 2984–2993 (2013).
J. M. Gregoire, C. Xiang, S. Mitrovic, X. Liu, M. Marcin, E. W. Cornell, J. Fan, J. Jin, Combined Catalysis and Optical Screening for High Throughput Discovery of Solar Fuels Catalysts. J. Electrochem. Soc. 160, F337–F342 (2013).
C. Xiang, Y. Chen, N. S. Lewis, Modeling an integrated photoelectrolysis system sustained by water vapor. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 3713–3721 (2013).
S. Haussener, S. Hu, C. Xiang, A. Z. Weber, N. S. Lewis, Simulations of the irradiation and temperature dependence of the efficiency of tandem photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 3605–3618 (2013).
C. Xiang, A. C. Meng, N. S. Lewis, Evaluation and optimization of mass transport of redox species in silicon microwire-array photoelectrodes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109, 15622–15627 (2012).
S. Haussener, C. Xiang, J. M. Spurgeon, S. Ardo, N. S. Lewis, A. Z. Weber, Modeling, simulation, and design criteria for photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 9922–9935 (2012).
C. Xiang, G. M. Kimball, R. L. Grimm, B. S. Brunschwig, H. A. Atwater, N. S. Lewis, 820 mV open-circuit voltages from Cu2O/CH3CN junctions. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 1311–1318 (2011).
R. Halpern, N. Nishi, J. Wen, F. Yang, C. Xiang, R. M. Penner, R. M. Corn, Characterization of electrodeposited gold and palladium nanowire gratings with optical diffraction measurements. Anal. Chem. 81, 5585–5592 (2009).
Xiang, Y. Yang, R. M. Penner, Cheating the diffraction limit: Electrodeposited nanowires patterned by photolithography. Chem. Commun., 859–873 (2009).
Xiang, J. Y. Kim, R. M. Penner, Reconnectable sub-5 nm nanogaps in ultralong gold nanowires. Nano Lett. 9, 2133–2138 (2009).
Y. Yang, D. K. Taggart, M. A. Brown, C. Xiang, S. C. Kung, F. Yang, J. C. Hemminger, R. M. Penner, Wafer-scale patterning of lead telluride nanowires: Structure, characterization, and electrical properties. ACS Nano. 3, 4144–4154 (2009).
Xiang, A. G. Güell, M. A. Brown, J. Y. Kim, J. C. Hemminger, R. M. Penner, Coupled electrooxidation and electrical conduction in a single gold nanowire. Nano Lett. 8, 3017–3022 (2008).
C. Xiang, S. C. Kung, D. K. Taggart, F. Yang, M. A. Thompson, A. G. Güell, Y. Yang, R. M. Penner, Lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition: A method for patterning electrically continuous metal nanowires on dielectrics. ACS Nano. 2, 1939–1949 (2008).
C. Xiang, M. A. Thompson, F. Yang, E. J. Menke, L. M. C. Yang, R. M. Penner, Lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition. Solid State Phys. 5, 3503–3505 (2008).
H. Kim, D. K. Taggart, C. Xiang, R. M. Penner, E. O. Potma, Spatial control of coherent anti-stokes emission with height-modulated gold zig-zag nanowires. Nano Lett. 8, 2373–2377 (2008).
Y. Yang, S. C. Kung, D. K. Taggart, C. Xiang, F. Yang, M. A. Brown, A. G. Güell, T. J. Kruse, J. C. Hemminger, R. M. Penner, Synthesis of PbTe nanowire arrays using lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition. Nano Lett. 8, 2447–2451 (2008).
H. Kim, C. Xiang, A. G. Güell, R. M. Penner, E. O. Potma, Tunable two-photon excited luminescence in single gold nanowires fabricated by lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition. J. Phys. Chem. C. 112, 12721–12727 (2008).
J. Menke, M. A. Thompson, C. Xiang, L. C. Yang, R. M. Penner, Lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition. Nat. Mater. 5, 914–919 (2008).